RoboCup@Work League: Interview with Christoph Steup

RoboCup@Work League groups on the occasion in Brazil.

RoboCup is a world scientific initiative with the objective of advancing the state-of-the-art of clever robots, AI and automation. The annual RoboCup occasion, the place groups collect from throughout the globe to participate in competitions throughout various leagues, this yr befell in Salvador, Brazil from 15-21 July. In a sequence of interviews, we’ve been assembly among the RoboCup trustees, committee members, and contributors, to search out out extra about their respective leagues. Christoph Steup is an Govt Committee member and oversees the @Work League. Forward of the occasion in Brazil, we spoke to Christoph to search out out extra concerning the @Work League, the duties that groups want to finish, and future plans for the League.

Might you begin by giving us an introduction to the @Work league?

The @Work League, together with the Logistics League, types the Industrial League. Our objective is to imitate among the facets of business manufacturing methods. An necessary side of that is manufacturing facility automization and making an attempt to imitate the manufacturing facility of the long run, the place you could have autonomous robots constructing merchandise in keeping with buyer design. In these factories of the long run, a single piece could be produced individually for every buyer. Factories these days have massive conveyor belts and quite a lot of automization, with the duties principally executed in the identical approach, and you may solely construct stuff effectively for those who construct thousands and thousands of things. We’re engaged on constructing particular person items, the place automization continues to be potential, and even a single piece may be constructed successfully. However clearly, in our RoboCup competitions, we’re not fascinated about constructing on a manufacturing facility scale – we’re doing it on a really small scale. Which means our robots are usually 80 centimeters lengthy, the most important are round 70 centimeters vast, and a few of them are additionally 80 centimeters excessive. So let’s say they slot in a one metre cubed field. Additionally, all our operations are executed on the bottom. That is only for simplification as a result of constructing massive tables to make it extra real looking would additionally enhance the fee for RoboCup and wouldn’t give a lot further worth.

What our robots have to do is transport objects from totally different workstations. So we’ve a default configuration the place the sector begins, and there are workstations with objects mendacity on them, and a few of these objects have to be transported to different workstations. The robotic wants to try this utterly autonomously. So this is likely one of the particular issues concerning the @Work League, that it’s utterly autonomous and there’s solely a single restart allowed per staff. So which means the robotic actually must be dependable. One of many massive variations between medium groups and superb groups is that the superb groups carry out nicely on a regular basis whereas the medium groups have some good runs and a few dangerous runs.

In addition to the thing transportation that you simply talked about, and there different duties that the groups want to hold out?

There are some particular duties in our league, just like the precision placement process the place the robotic wants to suit an object right into a cavity that’s basically the identical form and dimension as the thing. It’s a little bit bit like the sport that infants do to coach their dexterity.

We even have a process that’s impressed by a conveyor belt, however we’re utilizing a desk that’s continuously turning. The robots want to understand stuff whereas the desk is popping. This appears to be like a little bit bit foolish as a result of nobody would truly put a rotating desk in a manufacturing facility, nonetheless that is our approach of truly mimicking a conveyor belt. The conveyor belt itself could be actually, actually tough to combine into the competitors, so we simply abstracted that and use this rotating desk to really have the identical problem however in a extra manageable approach. And it’s nonetheless a really, very laborious problem.

Then there are some particular challenges that we combine. For instance, that robots have to report their state again in order that we are able to observe what the robotic is doing. We even have a problem the place people are within the loop. For instance, the robotic brings items to a sure workstation the place a human is current, the human assembles the items, after which the human wants to provide an indication to the robotic, after which the robotic will take the piece away and put it some other place. That is designed to actually mimic the automated manufacturing facility move.

Up to now we additionally had a problem the place the robots wanted to open a drawer, take one thing out after which shut the drawer once more. We’ve additionally had duties the place the robotic has to deal with fragile objects, like sweets, the place the robotic actually wanted to watch out in manipulating them. So normally, what differentiates us most from the Logistics League is that we’re focusing rather a lot on manipulation and all of the difficulties that include manipulation and unknown objects, whereas Logistics is extra tailor-made in the direction of large-scale logistics processes with all their optimization and planning.

I used to be fortunate sufficient to attend RoboCup final yr in Eindhoven and what the groups have been doing was actually spectacular. It was additionally fascinating to see how various the robots have been, and the way groups have been approaching the duties in distinct methods, with totally different grabbers and so forth.

Sure, this distinction in approaches is expounded to the historical past of our League, which is a little bit bit much like the Logistics League. The Logistics League was initially a sponsored demonstration by Festo, which is a big firm from Germany that creates instruments, however in addition they have a didactics space the place they supply instruments to assist individuals perceive manufacturing facility optimization. The @Work League was sponsored by Kuka, the robotics firm, and, to start with, they required each staff to compete with the Kuka youBot. So this was just about the default platform for our league, however in some unspecified time in the future Kuka dropped from a sponsor to simply an advisor to the league, and these days they aren’t a part of the league in any respect. So when the Kuka youBot was going out of fee, the groups looked for options and now we’re offered with all kinds of robots which are competing within the league, which I personally discover actually cool. Now we’ve all these totally different robots, all these totally different approaches, and a few work higher in some eventualities and worse in others. So we actually have a scientific strategy to the issue and we’re actually getting some insights into how one can deal with this drawback on a number of ranges.

Have you ever seen that among the challenges particularly are harder normally for all of the groups?

In 2018 we launched a problem of so-called arbitrary surfaces that are surfaces unknown to the groups which are placed on high of the workstations. The groups want to have the ability to cope with these surfaces. There are two surfaces which are actually, actually terrible for the groups – one is grass that we just about stole from the soccer competitions! We simply thought it might be humorous to strive it, and it was a extremely fascinating drawback, particularly for among the grippers of the totally different groups. For instance, the present world champion, they’ve a inflexible gripper to allow them to have power suggestions after they grasp. Nonetheless, the grass is basically tough for them – due to their rigidity, they at all times grasp the grass itself after which they pull up the grass with the thing. And this led to some fascinating issues, like they’re transporting the precise floor round and never solely the thing. This isn’t an issue for groups utilizing a versatile gripper. Nonetheless, alternatively, the versatile gripper makes it actually tough to evaluate in case you have grasped the thing as a result of you could have very dangerous power suggestions. So there are two totally different approaches which have their professionals and cons in several eventualities.

Three robots from the @Work competitors in Brazil.

Are you introducing any new duties for this yr?

Sure and no. So truly we’re introducing a totally new problem which is totally different from what we’ve executed earlier than. The brand new problem is the so-called sensible farming problem, which is opening our league to an entire new discipline of purposes, as a result of we at the moment are taking a look at agriculture. We’re engaged on this with Studica, a robotics firm from Canada, whose {hardware} we’re utilizing. We’ve already given it a strive on the German Open. This problem comes with some new specifics and one these is that the groups solely get the robotic shortly earlier than the competitors. So that they don’t actually know the robotic largely upfront, and they should assemble, program and design the robotic in a really brief time. To compensate for this, we scale back the quantity of optimization and robustness that’s mandatory. As a result of it’s an agriculture setting, we’ve totally different objects, like fruits, that the groups have to deal with. This makes it a little bit bit extra difficult as a result of fruits have a extra arbitrary form and totally different ranges of ripeness that have to be detected. We even have some grapes which are hanging on a wall, which is a totally totally different type of manipulation process than earlier than, as a result of earlier than the groups simply wanted to understand issues from surfaces, however now they actually need to pluck stuff from a wall in a dependable approach. So that is the brand new problem. It additionally comes with quite a lot of software program challenges as a result of the computational energy of this robotic may be very restricted as a result of it solely has a Raspberry Pi. For instance, there’s not quite a lot of picture processing potential, particularly in comparison with the present robots, a few of which even have GPUs embedded.

Is there a specific a part of the {hardware} or software program that you simply’ve seen among the greatest developments in over the past yr or so?

Yeah, I feel one massive change I noticed over time was a swap from customized neural networks for object detection to off-the-shelf elements. So just about all groups these days use YOLO networks, which you may get pre-trained they usually simply deploy them on GPUs that they embedded into their robots. That is additionally one of many the reason why the robots actually grew in dimension over the previous few years as a result of they wanted area for the bigger computational energy. This truly made it potential for lots of groups to reliably detect the objects. Object detection was a giant drawback to start with of the league and these days it’s not likely a giant challenge – most groups are actually good at that. Generally they’re a little bit bit startled with decoy objects – these are objects within the area that aren’t actually a part of the duty, and they’re unknown to the groups beforehand. Generally they’re, let’s say, evil decoys that appear like an object and there’s some mismatches that the groups do, however that is changing into very uncommon.

I feel the second massive change is a swap to bigger manipulators with extra levels of freedom. So to start with, everybody had a really small manipulator with solely 5 levels of freedom, which restricted the working vary, and these days just about all groups have a six diploma of freedom manipulator with a wide variety. Which means that they don’t want to maneuver their robotic when they’re in entrance of a workstation, which makes them a lot quicker and in addition way more exact.

Might you speak concerning the future plans for the League?

There are some things we’re eager about.

Close to the competitors itself, we had a dialogue with the groups about what they’re fascinated about doing sooner or later. Two issues got here up that they actually need to have. One is cellular obstacles, so they need different objects to maneuver autonomously via the sector. We’re within the course of of making that, in cooperation with EduArt, which is an organization from Germany that additionally gives small instructional robots. And the second factor we need to introduce is a type of humanoid robotic that the groups can use to really deal with particular manipulation duties that can not be executed merely with a robotic manipulator.

When it comes to creating an entry-level League, we’ve been engaged on this and one potential thought is to make use of the smart-farming problem because the entry level. By means of the collaboration with Studica, we are able to present groups with the robotic they usually get to maintain it after the competitors. On the German Open I spoke to the Quickly-Manufactured Rescue League about this crossover between the Rescue and the Junior Leagues, and they’re very eager to collaborate.

We’re additionally speaking with the Logistics League. Their sponsor, Festo, has dropped out of their league and now they should reorganize. We’re questioning if it might be worthwhile to carry our leagues nearer collectively, and even fuse them collectively to a single RoboCup Industrial league. The Logistics League desires to do extra manipulation, and the @Work League desires to do extra planning, so we’re closing the hole naturally between the 2. Nonetheless, that is only a thought in the intervening time – we have to see how the groups react to that.

About Christoph

Christoph Steup is an lively researcher specializing in numerous fields of robotics, together with swarm robotics, precision farming, and weather-resilient autonomous driving. He at present works on the Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Techniques (IVI), the place he leads the Swarm Know-how Group. Previous to this position, he headed the Computational Intelligence in Robotics group on the Otto von Guericke College Magdeburg. Christoph’s involvement with RoboCup started in 2015 when he joined the robOTTO staff of Otto von Guericke College as staff chief. His contributions to the RoboCup neighborhood expanded as he turned a member of the Technical Committee for the @Work League in 2017. In 2019, he additional superior his participation by becoming a member of the Govt Committee of the league.